Evaluate learning and talent development: Assess the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies.

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Evaluate learning and talent development: Assess the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies.


The Vital Necessity of Evaluating Learning and Talent Development

In the modern business landscape, learning and talent development have emerged as crucial factors in maintaining a competitive edge. Organizations invest significantly in these areas, recognizing the value of a well-equipped, skilled, and adaptable workforce. However, the effectiveness of these strategies is only as good as the evaluation process that monitors, measures, and manages them.🎯

Evaluating Learning & Talent Development: A Paradigm Shift in HR

Historically, the Human Resources function was primarily administrative. Today, however, due to changing market dynamics and increased competition, HR has evolved into a strategic business partner. A critical part of this evolution is the evaluation of learning and talent development.

To illustrate, consider a multinational company that launched a new leadership development program. The top management was enthusiastic, and the program was rolled out globally across various business units. However, a few months after the implementation, the anticipated results were not visible. This led to questions about the effectiveness of the program. The company decided to conduct an evaluation, which revealed that although the program was well-designed, it wasn't aligned with the specific cultural and leadership needs of different regions.

The 'What': Measuring Key Outcomes

Understanding what to evaluate is fundamental. This typically includes specific knowledge and skills acquired, changes in behavior, and improvements in job performance. For instance, a sales organization might evaluate a training program by assessing participants' understanding of a new product, observing changes in their sales techniques, and monitoring increased sales revenue.

The 'How': Utilizing Metrics & Analytics

Implementing an effective evaluation process can be challenging. However, the strategic use of metrics can streamline this task. For instance, Learning Analytics can provide insights into the learning process by collecting, measuring, and analyzing learners' data. In the context of an e-learning program, this might include metrics like course completion rates, engagement levels, and post-training performance improvement.

Company X observed that after the implementation of a new sales training program, the course completion rate was 80%, and there was a 20% increase in engagement levels. Simultaneously, the sales revenue increased by 15% within three months of the training.


The 'Why': Linking Learning to Organizational Goals

Finally, it's important to understand why we evaluate. The ultimate goal is to link learning and talent development to the organization's strategic objectives. This helps ensure that the investment in learning and talent development provides value by improving business performance. For instance, if an organization aims to improve customer service, a customer relationship management training program should ideally improve customer satisfaction scores.

In conclusion, the evaluation of learning and talent development is a strategic tool that enables organizations to assess the impact of their training programs and make informed decisions about future talent development initiatives. 🚀


Identify the objectives and goals of the learning and talent development strategies:

Identifying the Objectives and Goals of Learning and Talent Development Strategies

Learning and talent development strategies are essential for organizations to enhance their employees' skills and capabilities, leading to improved performance and productivity. To evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies, one crucial step is to identify the objectives and goals that were set for the learning and talent development initiatives. This step helps to understand the specific aims and outcomes that the organization intended to achieve through these strategies.

Understanding Specific Objectives and Goals

To begin, it is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the specific objectives and goals that were established for the learning and talent development strategies. This involves examining the documented plans, policies, and guidelines that outline the organization's intentions. By reviewing these documents, one can identify the intended outcomes and performance improvements that were targeted.

For example, let's consider a fictional company, XYZ Corporation, seeking to implement a learning and talent development strategy. The company's objectives may include:

  1. Improving Technical Skills: XYZ Corporation may aim to enhance employees' proficiency in specific technical areas, such as programming languages or data analysis tools. The goal could be to increase the workforce's ability to adapt to technological advancements and drive innovation.

  2. Developing Leadership Competencies: Another objective could be to develop leadership skills among employees. This might involve providing training programs focused on communication, decision-making, and strategic thinking. The goal would be to groom potential leaders within the organization and cultivate a stronger leadership pipeline.

  3. Enhancing Employee Engagement and Retention: XYZ Corporation may recognize the importance of employee satisfaction and retention. Therefore, one of the objectives could be to create a learning and talent development strategy that not only improves employee skills but also boosts engagement and reduces turnover. The desired outcome would be a more motivated and committed workforce.

Identifying Desired Outcomes and Performance Improvements

Once the specific objectives and goals are understood, the next step is to identify the desired outcomes and performance improvements targeted through the learning and talent development strategies. This involves evaluating the expected changes in employee behavior, skills, and overall organizational performance.

For instance, let's continue with XYZ Corporation's example:

  1. Measurable Skill Improvement: The desired outcome might involve a measurable improvement in specific technical skills. XYZ Corporation could set a goal of increasing employees' proficiency by a certain percentage, as assessed through skill assessments or certification exams.

  2. Increased Leadership Effectiveness: In terms of leadership development, the desired outcome could be an increase in the effectiveness of leaders within the organization. This might be measured by improvements in employee satisfaction surveys, feedback from team members, or the success rate of leadership initiatives.

  3. Enhanced Employee Performance: Ultimately, the learning and talent development strategies should lead to enhanced overall employee performance. Through improved skills and engagement, the goal would be to see increased productivity, higher quality outputs, and greater efficiency in work processes.

By identifying the desired outcomes and performance improvements, organizations can align their learning and talent development strategies with measurable goals. This not only helps to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies but also ensures that they are designed to address specific needs and drive positive change within the organization.

In conclusion, when evaluating learning and talent development strategies, identifying the objectives and goals is a crucial step. By understanding the specific objectives and desired outcomes, organizations can assess the effectiveness of these strategies and make informed decisions regarding future learning and talent development initiatives.


Identify the objectives and goals of the learning and talent development strategies:


Learning and talent development strategies are essential for organizations to enhance their employees' skills and capabilities, leading to improved performance and productivity. To evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies, one crucial step is to identify the objectives and goals that were set for the learning and talent development initiatives. This step helps to understand the specific aims and outcomes that the organization intended to achieve through these strategies.

Understanding Specific Objectives and Goals

To begin, it is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the specific objectives and goals that were established for the learning and talent development strategies. This involves examining the documented plans, policies, and guidelines that outline the organization's intentions. By reviewing these documents, one can identify the intended outcomes and performance improvements that were targeted.

For example, let's consider a fictional company, XYZ Corporation, seeking to implement a learning and talent development strategy. The company's objectives may include:

  1. Improving Technical Skills: XYZ Corporation may aim to enhance employees' proficiency in specific technical areas, such as programming languages or data analysis tools. The goal could be to increase the workforce's ability to adapt to technological advancements and drive innovation.

  2. Developing Leadership Competencies: Another objective could be to develop leadership skills among employees. This might involve providing training programs focused on communication, decision-making, and strategic thinking. The goal would be to groom potential leaders within the organization and cultivate a stronger leadership pipeline.

  3. Enhancing Employee Engagement and Retention: XYZ Corporation may recognize the importance of employee satisfaction and retention. Therefore, one of the objectives could be to create a learning and talent development strategy that not only improves employee skills but also boosts engagement and reduces turnover. The desired outcome would be a more motivated and committed workforce.

Identifying Desired Outcomes and Performance Improvements

Once the specific objectives and goals are understood, the next step is to identify the desired outcomes and performance improvements targeted through the learning and talent development strategies. This involves evaluating the expected changes in employee behavior, skills, and overall organizational performance.

For instance, let's continue with XYZ Corporation's example:

  1. Measurable Skill Improvement: The desired outcome might involve a measurable improvement in specific technical skills. XYZ Corporation could set a goal of increasing employees' proficiency by a certain percentage, as assessed through skill assessments or certification exams.

  2. Increased Leadership Effectiveness: In terms of leadership development, the desired outcome could be an increase in the effectiveness of leaders within the organization. This might be measured by improvements in employee satisfaction surveys, feedback from team members, or the success rate of leadership initiatives.

  3. Enhanced Employee Performance: Ultimately, the learning and talent development strategies should lead to enhanced overall employee performance. Through improved skills and engagement, the goal would be to see increased productivity, higher quality outputs, and greater efficiency in work processes.

By identifying the desired outcomes and performance improvements, organizations can align their learning and talent development strategies with measurable goals. This not only helps to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies but also ensures that they are designed to address specific needs and drive positive change within the organization.

In conclusion, when evaluating learning and talent development strategies, identifying the objectives and goals is a crucial step. By understanding the specific objectives and desired outcomes, organizations can assess the effectiveness of these strategies and make informed decisions regarding future learning and talent development initiatives.


Collect relevant data and information:


Collecting relevant data and information is a crucial step in evaluating the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies. It involves gathering various types of information related to the implementation of these strategies to gain insights into their impact on individuals and the organization as a whole.

Gathering data and information

To collect data and information, there are several approaches that can be taken. One effective method is to use surveys or questionnaires to gather feedback from employees, managers, and other stakeholders involved in the learning and talent development process. These surveys can be designed to capture feedback on various aspects such as the usefulness of the training programs, the applicability of the acquired knowledge and skills in the workplace, and the overall satisfaction with the learning and talent development initiatives.

For example, a company may conduct an annual survey to assess employees' perceptions of the learning and talent development strategies. The survey could include questions about the relevance of the training programs to their job roles, the quality of the trainers or facilitators, and the availability of resources to support learning and development.

Reviewing performance metrics and indicators

Another important aspect of collecting relevant data and information is reviewing performance metrics and indicators. This involves analyzing quantitative data related to individual and organizational performance to assess the impact of learning and talent development strategies.

For instance, organizations can track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as employee productivity, sales performance, customer satisfaction, and employee turnover rates. By comparing these metrics before and after the implementation of learning and talent development strategies, it becomes possible to determine whether there has been a positive impact on performance.

Real-life example

To illustrate the importance of collecting relevant data and information in evaluating learning and talent development strategies, let's consider the case of a multinational company aiming to assess the effectiveness of its leadership development program.

The company decided to collect data through a combination of surveys and performance metrics analysis. They distributed a survey to all participants of the leadership program, asking them to provide feedback on various aspects such as the program content, the quality of trainers, and the practicality of the skills learned.

Additionally, the company tracked performance metrics such as employee promotions, leadership competency ratings, and team engagement scores. They compared these metrics for participants who went through the leadership program with those who did not.

Based on the data collected, the company found that participants of the leadership program had higher promotion rates, improved leadership competencies, and higher team engagement scores compared to non-participants. This indicated that the leadership development program had a positive impact on individual and organizational performance.

Conclusion

Collecting relevant data and information is a vital step in evaluating the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies. By using surveys, gathering feedback from stakeholders, and analyzing performance metrics, organizations can gain valuable insights into the impact of these strategies on individual and organizational performance. This data-driven approach enables organizations to make informed decisions and continuously improve their learning and talent development initiatives.


Analyze the effectiveness of the strategies:


To evaluate the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies, it is crucial to assess the extent to which these strategies have achieved their intended objectives. This involves analyzing the alignment between the strategies and the identified goals and objectives, as well as identifying any gaps or areas for improvement.

Evaluate the extent of achieving objectives

The first step in analyzing the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies is to evaluate the extent to which they have achieved their intended objectives. This requires a thorough examination of the goals and objectives set for the strategies and comparing them to the outcomes and results actually achieved.

For example, suppose a company implemented a learning and talent development program aimed at improving employee retention rates. The objective of the program was to reduce employee turnover by 20% over one year. To assess the effectiveness, the company would need to compare the actual decrease in turnover with the targeted 20% reduction.

Assess alignment between strategies and goals

Another important aspect of analyzing the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies is to assess the alignment between the strategies implemented and the identified goals and objectives. This involves evaluating whether the strategies were designed and executed in a way that directly contributes to the intended outcomes.

For instance, consider a company that aims to develop leadership skills among its employees. They implement a strategy that includes leadership training workshops, mentoring programs, and opportunities for employees to take on leadership roles. To assess the alignment, the company needs to determine if the strategies chosen align with the goal of developing leadership skills effectively.

Analyze data and identify gaps or areas for improvement

To gain a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies, it is essential to analyze the data and information collected throughout the implementation process. This analysis helps identify any gaps or areas for improvement in the strategies employed.

For example, a company may collect data on employee feedback, performance metrics, and program evaluations to analyze the impact of their learning and talent development strategies. This data analysis may reveal areas where the strategies were effective, as well as areas where improvements could be made to enhance their overall effectiveness.

By analyzing the data, organizations can identify patterns, trends, and potential barriers that may have hindered the strategies' effectiveness. These insights can then be used to make informed decisions about refining and enhancing the learning and talent development strategies.

In conclusion, analyzing the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies involves evaluating the extent of achieving objectives, assessing alignment between strategies and goals, and analyzing data to identify gaps or areas for improvement. This process enables organizations to make data-driven decisions for optimizing their strategies and ensuring they align with their overall goals and objectives.


Identify strengths and weaknesses:


Identify strengths and weaknesses in learning and talent development strategies

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies, it is crucial to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies. This step involves assessing the areas where the strategies have been successful in achieving desired outcomes, as well as recognizing any limitations or areas where they have not been effective or failed to meet the intended objectives.

Importance of identifying strengths and weaknesses

Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of learning and talent development strategies is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it allows organizations to build on their successes and replicate effective practices in future programs. Secondly, it helps to pinpoint areas of improvement and address any shortcomings in order to enhance the overall effectiveness of the strategies. Finally, recognizing both the strengths and weaknesses can inform decision-making and resource allocation, ensuring that efforts are focused on areas that will yield the greatest impact.

Identifying strengths

When evaluating learning and talent development strategies, it is important to identify the strengths that have contributed to their success. Some key factors to consider include:

  1. Alignment with organizational needs: Assessing how well the strategies align with the specific needs and goals of the organization. For example, if an organization aims to cultivate leadership skills, a strategy that includes targeted leadership development programs would be considered a strength.

  2. Successful outcomes: Examining the extent to which the strategies have achieved the desired outcomes. This could involve reviewing metrics such as increased employee engagement, improved performance, or enhanced knowledge and skills.

  3. Employee engagement and participation: Evaluating the level of employee engagement and participation in the learning and talent development initiatives. Strategies that effectively engage employees and encourage their active involvement are more likely to yield positive outcomes.

  4. Impact on performance: Assessing the impact of the strategies on overall employee performance and productivity. This could be measured through performance evaluations, feedback from supervisors, or tangible improvements in key performance indicators.

Example: Strength in employee engagement

One example of a strength in learning and talent development strategies is a program that focuses on employee engagement. Let's consider a case where a company implemented a mentoring program to foster employee growth and development. Through this program, experienced employees were paired with junior staff members to provide guidance, support, and knowledge sharing.

The identified strength in this scenario is the high level of employee engagement and participation. The program received positive feedback from both mentors and mentees, indicating that it effectively encouraged active involvement. Furthermore, the program resulted in increased employee satisfaction and retention, as mentees felt supported and valued in their professional development journey. This success demonstrates that the learning and talent development strategy effectively leveraged employee engagement to achieve desired outcomes.

Identifying weaknesses or limitations

In addition to identifying strengths, it is equally important to recognize any weaknesses or limitations in learning and talent development strategies. Some considerations include:

  1. Lack of relevance: Assessing whether the strategies truly address the specific needs and challenges of the organization. If the strategies are not relevant to the organization's context, they may be less effective in achieving desired outcomes.

  2. Low participation rates: Evaluating the level of employee participation and identifying any barriers that may impede engagement. Strategies with low participation rates may indicate a lack of employee buy-in or a need for improvement in communication and promotion efforts.

  3. Ineffective delivery methods: Assessing the delivery methods used in the strategies, such as workshops, online courses, or coaching sessions. If the chosen methods do not effectively facilitate learning and skill development, they may limit the effectiveness of the overall strategy.

  4. Lack of measurable impact: Evaluating whether the strategies have clear metrics or measures in place to assess their impact. Without measurable indicators, it becomes challenging to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies and make data-driven decisions for improvement.

Example: Weakness in low participation rates

Consider a scenario where an organization implemented a self-paced online learning platform as part of its talent development strategy. Despite having a wide range of courses available, the organization noticed low participation rates among employees. This indicates a weakness in the strategy, as low engagement hinders the potential benefits of the online learning platform.

By identifying this weakness, the organization can investigate the reasons behind the low participation rates. It may discover that employees face barriers such as limited access to technology, lack of awareness about available courses, or a preference for more interactive learning methods. Addressing these limitations can help improve employee engagement and increase the effectiveness of the talent development strategy.

Conclusion

Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of learning and talent development strategies is a crucial step in evaluating their effectiveness. By recognizing the areas of success and limitations, organizations can enhance the strategies and maximize their impact. Assessing factors such as alignment with organizational needs, successful outcomes, employee engagement, and impact on performance provides valuable insights for continuous improvement and informed decision-making.


Provide recommendations for improvement:

Provide recommendations for improvement:

One of the key steps in evaluating learning and talent development strategies is to provide recommendations for improvement. This step involves analyzing the strategies, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and suggesting specific actions and interventions to address any gaps or areas for improvement.

Factors to consider:

When providing recommendations, it is crucial to consider various factors that can contribute to the effectiveness of learning and talent development initiatives. Some of these factors include:

  1. Alignment with organizational goals: It is important to assess how well the strategies align with the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Recommendations should focus on ensuring that the learning and talent development initiatives are directly contributing to the achievement of these goals.

  2. Use of innovative learning methods: To enhance the effectiveness of learning and talent development, it is essential to recommend the incorporation of innovative learning methods. This can include the utilization of technology-based platforms, such as e-learning modules or virtual reality simulations, to provide more engaging and interactive learning experiences.

  3. Integration with HR and business strategies: Recommendations should emphasize the integration of talent development initiatives with overall HR and business strategies. This ensures that the development of employees' skills and competencies aligns with the organization's long-term objectives.

Analyzing strategies:

To provide meaningful recommendations, an analysis of the learning and talent development strategies must be conducted. This analysis can involve:

  • Reviewing the existing training programs and initiatives

  • Collecting feedback from employees who have participated in these programs

  • Assessing the outcomes and impact of the strategies on employees' performance and career development

Based on this analysis, strengths and weaknesses of the strategies can be identified to guide the recommendations for improvement.

Providing specific actions and interventions:

Recommendations should be actionable and provide specific actions and interventions to address the identified gaps or areas for improvement. These could include:

  • Revamping training content: If the analysis reveals that the content of the training programs is outdated or not aligned with the organization's goals, a recommendation could be to revamp the content to ensure its relevance and effectiveness.

  • Implementing mentorship or coaching programs: If the analysis indicates a lack of support for employees' development, a recommendation could be to establish mentorship or coaching programs to provide guidance and personalized learning experiences.

  • Promoting continuous learning: To foster a culture of continuous learning and development, a recommendation could be to encourage employees to pursue further education, attend workshops or conferences, or participate in online learning platforms.

Real-life example:

To illustrate the application of these recommendations, let's consider a real-life example. Company XYZ conducted an evaluation of their learning and talent development strategies and identified a weakness in the integration with HR and business strategies. The recommendation provided was to establish a cross-functional team that includes representatives from HR, business units, and learning and development. This team would collaborate to ensure the alignment of talent development initiatives with the organization's overall objectives. The team would regularly meet to review and update the learning and development plans based on the changing needs of the business.

By implementing this recommendation, Company XYZ was able to enhance the effectiveness of their learning and talent development initiatives by directly linking them to the organization's strategic goals and ensuring a cohesive approach across departments.

In conclusion, providing recommendations for improving the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies involves analyzing the strategies, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and suggesting specific actions and interventions. By considering factors such as alignment with organizational goals, use of innovative learning methods, and integration with HR and business strategies, organizations can enhance their learning and talent development initiatives to drive employee growth and organizational success.


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1- Introduction 2- Understand environmental forces impacting organizations: Analyze key internal and external forces. 3- Describe the changing nature of HRM in response to environmental forces. 4- Explain the impact of globalisation and international forces on HR strategies and practices. 5- Explain the impact of demographical, social & technological trends on HR strategies and practices. 6- Explain the impact of government policy and legal regulation on HR strategies and practices. 7- Explain strategic contexts and terminology. 8- Carry out stakeholder analysis and environmental audit. 9- Identify the role of HR professionals in strategic planning. 10- Identify a range of organizational contexts. 11- Evaluate the application of an HR function in an organizational context in achieving set goals and objectives. 12- Introduction 13- Understand HR strategy development: Describe different approaches in developing HR strategy. 14- Identify links between HR strategy and organizational performance. 15- Identify the role of different concepts in creating high performing organizations. 16- Understand the nature of leadership: Identify the nature and approaches to the study of leadership. 17- Explain the significance of the leadership role in creating and sustaining high performing organizations. 18- Evaluate the contribution of HRM and HRD functions: Identify the aims, objectives, and practices of HRM and HRD. 19- Understand organizational dynamics. 20- Formulate strategies in different functions of HR Management and Development. 21- Promote professionalism and ethical approach to HRM and HRD practice: Describe the changing role of HR function in an organization. 22- Introduction 23- Contextual and environmental themes and trends: Explain relevant themes and trends in employee resourcing and talent management. 24- Strategic significance: Explain the importance of employee resourcing and talent management in achieving organizational goals. 25- Employment market variations: Explain how employment markets differ and the implications for organizations. 26- Long and short-term resourcing and talent planning: Propose methods for effective planning in both the long and short term. 27- Human Resource Planning Process: Explain the process of human resource planning. 28- Professional functions: Understand the various functions associated with talent and succession planning. 29- Theoretical perspective of learning and talent development: Explain the theoretical basis of learning and talent development. 30- Process and practices of learning and talent development: Understand the process and practices involved in learning and talent development. 31- Analyze the environmental context: Analyze the external factors influencing employee resourcing and talent management. 32- Evaluate learning and talent development: Assess the effectiveness of learning and talent development strategies. 33- Introduction 34- Understand linkages between performance, HR practices, and organizational performance: Identify linkages between HR practices and organizational performance. 35- Identify barriers and blockages to expected performance standards: Identify expected performance standards and barriers. 36- Analyze key HR and employment practices influencing employee performance. 37- Understand linkages between performance, HR practices, and organizational performance: Identify linkages between HR practices and organizational performance. 38- Introduction 39- Understand employee relations theoretical perspectives: Explain different theories and models related to employee relations. 40- Assess impact of environmental factors on employee relations: Analyze how external factors such as economic, social, and technological. 41- Explain the role of employment law: Understand the legal framework that governs employee relations and the rights and responsibilities of both employee. 42- Explain the role of government in employee relations: Understand how government policies and regulations influence employee relations. 43- Assess how changes in trade unionism have affected employee relations. 44- Explain the role of management in employee relations within an organization. 45- Evaluate the integration of employment relations processes and their impact on organizational outcomes. 46- Explain the concept of employee participation and involvement in the decision-making process. 47- Introduction 48- Identify suitable business issue: Choose a relevant topic for the project. 49- Analyze existing literature and HR policies: Review relevant literature and contemporary HR practices related to the chosen issue. 50- Set coherent aims and objectives: Define clear goals and justify the research methods to be used. 51- Select appropriate research method: Determine the most suitable research method for the chosen topic. 52- Undertake systematic analysis: Analyze quantitative and/or qualitative information and interpret the findings. 53- Formulate conclusions and recommendations: Develop conclusions and recommendations for improvement or development. 54- Develop persuasive business report: Create a logical and clear written argument consistent with the chosen discipline's traditions for senior management. 55- Write reflective account: Reflect on what has been learned during the project and how it can be applied in the future. 56- Introduction 57- Introduction and Background: Provide an overview of the situation, identify the organization, core business, and initial problem/opportunity. 58- Consultancy Process: Describe the process of consultancy development, including literature review, contracting with the client, research methods. 59- Literature Review: Define key concepts and theories, present models/frameworks, and critically analyze and evaluate literature. 60- Contracting with the Client: Identify client wants/needs, define consultant-client relationship, and articulate value exchange principles. 61- Research Methods: Identify and evaluate selected research methods for investigating problems/opportunity and collecting data. 62- Planning and Implementation: Demonstrate skills as a designer and implementer of an effective consulting initiative, provide evidence. 63- Principal Findings and Recommendations: Critically analyze data collected from consultancy process, translate into compact and informative package. 64- Conclusion and Reflection: Provide overall conclusion to consultancy project, reflect on what was learned about consultancy, managing the consulting. 65- Understand how to apply solutions to organisational change. 66- Introduction 67- Introduction
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